La batalla de Madrid por las vacunas antipoliomielitis (1963): ciencia, ideología y poder en la primera campaña de inmunización masiva en España / The battle in Madrid over poliomyelitis vaccines (1963): science, ideology and power in the first mass immunization campaign in Spain

Durante el sexenio de 1958 a 1963 se vivió en España el periodo de mayor incidencia de poliomielitis (2000 casos y 200 fallecidos por año). Aunque la vacuna inactivada de Salk había llegado al país en 1957, no hubo una decidida acción gubernamental para aplicarla a toda la población susceptible. La vacuna atenuada de Sabin, disponible en Europa desde 1960, tampoco se implementó. Mientras en el contexto internacional se adoptaba una u otra, en España se reprodujo la rivalidad entre ambas vacunas con un confuso resultado. Se vacunaba un bajo porcentaje de susceptibles con vacuna Salk a cargo del Seguro Obligatorio de Enfermedad (SOE), a la vez que un grupo de investigadores de la Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, encabezados por Florencio Pérez Gallardo (1917-2006), realizaban un modélico estudio epidemiológico que señalaba la conveniencia de utilizar la vacuna oral de Sabin. Llegados a 1963, el SOE puso en marcha una campaña nacional con vacuna Salk inspirada por el pediatra Juan Bosch Marín (1902-1995), representante de la estructura más conservadora del franquismo. La pugna por dilucidar qué tipo de vacuna era más conveniente se escenificó en Madrid durante los primeros meses de 1963 en distintas conferencias científicas. El grupo de Bosch Marín defendió su campaña y la vacuna Salk, mientras Pérez Gallardo hacía lo propio con la vacuna oral y obtuvo un golpe de efecto al invitar a Albert Sabin como conferenciante. A finales de año, tras una campaña piloto, se instauró la primera campaña masiva de vacunación oral contra la poliomielitis en España

Between 1958 and 1963, Spain witnessed the highest ever incidence of poliomyelitis (2000 cases and 200 deaths per year). Although Salk's inactivated vaccine had arrived in Spain in 1957, the government took no decisive action to administer it to the entire population at risk. Neither was Sabin's attenuated vaccine administered, available in Europe from 1960. While other countries adopted one or the other, in Spain rivalry arose over the two vaccines, with mixed results. The Salk vaccine was administered to a small percentage of the population at risk through the Compulsory Sickness Insurance scheme (Spanish initials: SOE), while at the same time a research team at the National School of Health led by Florencio Pérez Gallardo (1917-2006) carried out a model epidemiological study that demonstrated the superiority of the Sabin vaccine. In 1963, the SOE launched a national campaign with the Salk vaccine promoted by the paediatrician Juan Bosch Marín (1902-1995), a representative of the most conservative structure of the Franco regime. The dispute over which vaccine was best reached its peak in early 1963 at various scientific conferences in Madrid. Bosch Marín's group argued in favour of his campaign and the Salk vaccine, while Pérez Gallardo did the same for the oral vaccine, achieving a substantial impact by inviting Sabin himself to speak. By the end of the year, following a pilot study, the first mass oral vaccination campaign against polio was introduced in Spain

[The battle in Madrid over poliomyelitis vaccines (1963): science, ideology and power in the first mass immunization campaign in Spain]. / La batalla de Madrid por las vacunas antipoliomielitis (1963): ciencia, ideología y poder en la primera campaña de inmunización masiva en España.

Between 1958 and 1963, Spain witnessed the highest ever incidence of poliomyelitis (2000 cases and 200 deaths per year). Although Salk's inactivated vaccine had arrived in Spain in 1957, the government took no decisive action to administer it to the entire population at risk. Neither was Sabin's attenuated vaccine administered, available in Europe from 1960. While other countries adopted one or the other, in Spain rivalry arose over the two vaccines, with mixed results. The Salk vaccine was administered to a small percentage of the population at risk through the Compulsory Sickness Insurance scheme (Spanish initials: SOE), while at the same time a research team at the National School of Health led by Florencio Pérez Gallardo (1917-2006) carried out a model epidemiological study that demonstrated the superiority of the Sabin vaccine. In 1963, the SOE launched a national campaign with the Salk vaccine promoted by the paediatrician Juan Bosch Marín (1902-1995), a representative of the most conservative structure of the Franco regime. The dispute over which vaccine was best reached its peak in early 1963 at various scientific conferences in Madrid. Bosch Marín's group argued in favour of his campaign and the Salk vaccine, while Pérez Gallardo did the same for the oral vaccine, achieving a substantial impact by inviting Sabin himself to speak. By the end of the year, following a pilot study, the first mass oral vaccination campaign against polio was introduced in Spain.

A forgotten chapter of Mexican technology and science: Luis Gutiérrez Villegas and poliomyelitis in Mexico. / Un capítulo olvidado de la tecnología y la ciencia mexicanas: Luis Gutiérrez Villegas y la poliomielitis en México.

Two different types of vaccines were developed against poliomyelitis: The Salk vaccine using inactivated virus and the Sabin one, that was used later, after investigations assured its safety. The first one was made in Mexico with its own resources since 1957 thanks to the efforts of young researchers and technicians coordinated by Luis Gutiérrez-Villegas, M.D., who was a Clinical Pathologist, University Professor and President of the Mexican National Academy of Mexico.

Development and introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccines derived from Sabin strains in Japan.

During the endgame of global polio eradication, the universal introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccines is urgently required to reduce the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and polio outbreaks due to wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses. In particular, the development of inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPVs) derived from the attenuated Sabin strains is considered to be a highly favorable option for the production of novel IPV that reduce the risk of facility-acquired transmission of poliovirus to the communities. In Japan, Sabin-derived IPVs (sIPVs) have been developed and introduced for routine immunization in November 2012. They are the first licensed sIPVs in the world. Consequently, trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine was used for polio control in Japan for more than half a century but has now been removed from the list of vaccines licensed for routine immunization. This paper reviews the development, introduction, characterization, and global status of IPV derived from attenuated Sabin strains.

Las campañas de vacunación contra la poliomielitis en Jerez de la Frontera (1963-1965) / As campanhas de vacinação contra a poliomielite em Jerez de la Frontera (1963-1965) / Vaccination campaigns against polio in Jerez de la Frontera (1963-1965)

En el presente artículo nos hemos planteado como objetivo estudiar las dos fases de la campaña de vacunación contra la poliomielitis de los años 1963 y 1964, con la vacuna oral Sabin, en la ciudad de Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz). Asimismo exponemos datos de la campaña de vacunación del año 1965 contra la poliomielitis, la difteria, la tos ferina y el tétanos en la referida ciudad. Hemos utilizado en nuestro estudio fuentes documentales originales del Archivo Municipal de Jerez y de otros archivos y bibliotecas de la provincia, así como prensa local, regional y nacional, que nos ofrecen información sobre las campañas de vacunación que han motivado nuestra investigación (AU)

Neste artigo temos que definir o objetivo de estudar as duas fases da campanha de vacinação contra a poliomielite em 1963 e 1964, com a vacina oral Sabin, na cidade de Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz). Os dados também expor a campanha de vacinação contra a poliomielite em 1965, a difteria, coqueluche e tétano naquela cidade. Nós utilizado em nosso estudo fontes documentais originais Jerez Arquivos Municipais e outros arquivos e bibliotecas da província, bem como da imprensa local, regional e nacional, que nós fornecemos informações sobre as campanhas de vacinação que motivaram nossa pesquisa (AU)

The aim of this article is to study the two phases of the poliomyelitis’ vaccination campaign in the years 1963 and 1964, with the Sabin oral vaccine, in the city of Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz). We also expound some data about the vaccination campaign in 1965 against polio, diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus in the same city. We have used, in our study, original documents sources from Municipal Archives of Jerez, other archives and libraries of the province, as well as local, regional and national press, which have provided us some information on the mentioned vaccination campaigns (AU)

[The road to polio eradication via the Pan American Health Organization]. / El camino hacia la erradicación de la poliomielitis a través de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud.

OBJECTIVE: Reconstruct the activities of the Pan American Poliomyelitis Eradication Program, through documents produced by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) from 1985 to 1994. METHODS: Documents on polio eradication produced from 1985 to 1994, obtained through the publications portal at the official PAHO website, were used as primary sources of information. Documents were categorized by type and their contents studied, revealing their context in the framework of the history of international public health. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty documents were found and categorized as bulletins, resolutions, articles, and books. In 1985, PAHO implemented an initiative to eradicate transmission of wild poliovirus in the Americas by 1990. National commissions, a Technical Advisory Group, cross-border meetings, and other coordination mechanisms were established. Eradication activities were monitored by the International Commission for the Certification of Polio Eradication, using five indicators. The Region of the Americas was officially certified in 1994. CONCLUSIONS: The road to polio eradication in the Region of the Americas was affected by different political, social, and economic circumstances in the different member countries and was not problem-free. Nonetheless, important collaboration agreements were reached and experiences and resources were shared. This led to achieving the final goal before other regions. PAHO played a key role and spearheaded the entire process.

Fully liquid DTaP-IPV-Hib pediatric combination vaccine (Pediacel): a review of 18 years of clinical experience.

Safe and effective combination pediatric vaccines are necessary to simplify complex immunization schedules and to improve coverage and protection for children worldwide. We provide an overview of the 18 years of clinical and worldwide experience with DTaP-IPV-Hib (Pediacel(®)), a unique fully liquid pentavalent vaccine (diphtheria [D], tetanus [T], acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus [IPV], Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib]). Pediacel has demonstrated good and lasting immunogenicity in many populations, with differing primary series and booster schedules, and with a variety of coadministered vaccines. The acellular pertussis antigens have proven efficacy and real-world effectiveness. Clinical and post-marketing studies confirm the safety of Pediacel. Pediacel can be used for primary series and toddler booster doses, as well as in mixed pediatric vaccine schedules.

[Gestation and conduct of the First National Campaign of oral polio vaccination in Spain]. / Gestación y realización de la Primera Campaña Nacional de vacunación antipoliomielítica oral en España.

This paper presents the intervention of Dr Luis Valenciano Clavel in the act that was held on July 2, 2013 under the title Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the establishment of poliovirus vaccination campaigns in Spain. (Tribute to Dr D Florencio Perez Gallardo), in Ernest Lluch Hall of the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality. Dr Luis Valenciano Clavel describes his experience and direct participation, along with Florencio Pérez Gallardo, during the first oral polio vaccination campaign in Spain, after returning from his stay in health centers of Germany and assuming the leadership of the Polio Diagnostic Laboratory of theNational School of Public Health. The success of the polio vaccination campaign, it gave rise to the current National Center of Virology, pivot of the current Institute of Health Carlos III.

A tale of two vaccines: lessons from polio that could inform the development of an HIV vaccine.

Two vaccine trials that were conducted 50 years apart are reviewed and compared: the 1954 field trial of the Salk inactivated polio vaccine and the RV144 HIV vaccine trial conducted in Thailand between 2003 and 2009. Despite the obvious differences in science and historical periods, several lessons were identified that could inform the future HIV vaccine effort. Those lessons are related to paradigm changes that occur when science progresses, the need to test scientific hypothesis in efficacy trials, the controversies surrounding those trials, the need for strong community and political support, the participation of government and nongovernment institutions, the balance between implementation of other preventive and therapeutic interventions, and the priority given by society to develop a vaccine. If we have the humility and courage to apply some of those lessons, we may be able accelerate the development of an urgently needed HIV vaccine.